Thoughts
The challenge- answer how oxygen gets to complex IV in the mitochondria to make water. Logically diffusion doesn’t make sense as the mechanism for enough oxygen to be made available to the 9000rpm ATPase found in mitochondria. Especially if a 70kg man only intakes ~250ml~0.016moles~9.41E21 atoms of oxygen each minute. While this doesn’t fully answer that question, I think it’s as very plausible mechanism. There would have to be melanin in the mitochondria matrix too.
This makes me wonder how the CO2 leaves the cell.
Notes
Normal cells make lactate under anaerobic conditions
Cancer and embryonic cells preferentially send glucose to make lactate even under aerobic conditions = aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect)
Highly proliferative cells need to produce excess lipid, nucleotide, and amino acids for the creation of new biomass. Excess glucose is diverted through the pentose phosphate shunt (PPS) to create nucleotides. Fatty acids are critical for new membrane production and are synthesized from citrate in the cytosol through the action of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) to generate acetyl-CoA.
glucose is only source of biomass, and not energy, for the latter our body is able to take it from the water through dissociation and back together of water molecule.
Hemoglobin has the ability to irreversibly dissociate in water molecule, as does another molecule that is almost identical to it: chlorophyll. In this way the oxygen that enters the blood and is carried mainly by the Hb not only comes from the pulmonary alveoli but hemoglobin itself.
The main function of the oxygen in the lungs and blood is to facilitate the transport of
CO2, the allosteric modification that produces the oxygen in the hemoglobin molecule is important in the dynamics of CO2, is an observed fact that hypercapnia, hypoxia worsens.
melanin has the amazing ability to dissociate and re-form the water molecule, using the entire electromagnetic spectrum, as melanin is able to absorb any type of energy, is the substance for something more known dark, humans thus dissociate and re-form the water molecule both day and night.
If the oxygen was important, we would be before a tightly regulated process, which is much more compatible with life than a system that is based on the laws of simple diffusion
when water molecule is cleaved, the photon energy is transformed into free chemical energy, which is transported by the molecular hydrogen, which, in turn, is not combined with water. In the case of hemoglobin, color allows us to think that is absorbing visible electromagnetic radiation mainly close to purple, as this reflecting the waves near the red, say between 650 and 700 nanometers, therefore our senses perceive erythrocytes red.
for a moment put into the equation the property intrinsic of hemoglobin to dissociate the water molecule, things change, because if the erythrocyte is producing oxygen continuously, then O2 levels do not decrease until the CO2 increases, since the carbon dioxide decreases oxygen levels at least two reasons: causes an allosteric change in the hemoglobin molecule which decreases its affinity for O2 and also its efficiency to dissociate the water molecule. The properties of water are also changed by higher concentrations of the CO2 molecule.
chlorophyll, which expellee oxygen to the atmosphere, hemoglobin expels oxygen to their immediate environment, and part of it is taken up by the prosthetic group of hemoglobin: iron.
Water can dissolve thousands of times more CO2 than air, so the amniotic fluid with carbon dioxide form bicarbonate, and does so very quickly thanks to an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. Thus the fetus has no need to breathe inside the uterus. After birth, the CO2 be ejected into the atmosphere, so the respiratory rate rises abruptly to 30-60 breaths per minute during the first year. This change in respiratory rate is needed to compensate the rate at which CO2 is diluted in the air.
Albumin has a strong negative charge, but there is little correlation between the charge of the compound and the degree of binding to albumin. Most is recovered back into the circulation by lymphatic drainage. Albumin lost into the intestinal tract (1 g each 24 hours) is digested releasing amino acids and peptides which are reabsorbed. Albumin synthesis in humans takes place only in the liver. Albumin is not stored but is secreted into the portal circulation as soon as it is manufactured, about 12-25 g of albumin per day. The synthetic pathway is common to eukaryotes and is also used for synthesis of other proteins.
intrinsic property of hemoglobin irreversibly dissociate the water molecule
melanin as photonic energy transducer in free chemical energy are consistent with the findings that hardly pass oxygen blood-brain barrier. For one oxygen needs are covered by the dissociation of the water molecule, and energy needs are largely solved by molecular hydrogen, which when not combined with water can reach the remotest area of the cell, it follows the laws of simple diffusion, conducting at least two important functions: delivery of energy and also as an antioxidant, since hydrogen is the best.
Kathleen Stewart 